ifn λ3  (R&D Systems)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Microbiome-derived hydroxyphenyl propanoates enhance antitumour immunity by potentiating gasdermin D activity in tumour-associated myeloid cells

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.23.720410

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, representation of the proteins with denaturing curves significantly altered (red) or unaltered (black) by 3,2-HPP treatment of THP1-Dual™ cells, using thermal proteome profiling (two combined experiments, proteomic coverage: 4301, NPARC test); b, protein-protein interaction network of proteins with denaturation curves altered by 3,2-HPP treatment (red) and the transcriptional regulators of 3, 2-HPP impacted genes in M3-9-M tumours (yellow); c, impact of 3,2-HPP treatment of THP1-Dual™ cells on the denaturation curve of GSDMD (two-combined experiments, NPARC test); d, NF-κB induction in THP1-Dual™ reporter cells treated with conditioned media harvested from WT or Gsdmd- KO THP1 cells treated with LPS ± HPP metabolites ± IL-1α and −1β neutralizing antibody (three combined experiments, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test); e-h, [secreted IL-1α and −1β] in conditioned media harvested from THP-1 WT or Gsdmd -KO cells, or human PBMCs, cultured for 16 hours in LPS ± HPPs (two combined experiments, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test); i-l, [secreted IL-1α and −1β] in conditioned media harvested from THP-1 WT vs. Gsdmd -KO cells, or human PBMCs, cultured for 16 hours in LPS and NG ± HPPs (two combined experiments, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test); m, western blot of THP-1 cells treated with LPS ± NG ± HPPs (representative of two experiments).

Article Snippet: To neutralize IL-1 receptor signalling, the following antibodies were used: anti-human IL-1α (1 μg/mL; clone 7D4; mabg-hil1a-3; InvivoGen), anti-human IL-1β (1 μg/mL; clone 4H5; mabg-hil1b-3; InvivoGen) and IgG1 isotype control (1 μg/mL; clone T8E5; mabg1-ctrlm; InvivoGen).

Techniques: Comparison, Cell Culture, Western Blot

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram illustrates the mechanism of Mn-NC composite hydrogels for TMJ-OA treatment. Composite hydrogels can effectively protect chondrocytes from ROS damage, alleviate inflammatory reactions within the joint microenvironment, inhibit inflammation-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation, and simultaneously induce the regeneration and repair of subchondral bones via the enzyme-like activity of Mn-NC SAzymes and the release of Mn ions.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of Mn-NC SAzymes. (a) Preparation of Mn-NC SAzymes. (b) TEM images of NC, Mn-NC-1, Mn-NC-5, and Mn-NC-10 SAzymes. (c) HAADF-STEM image of Mn-NC-10 SAzymes and the corresponding EDX elemental mappings of C, N, O, and Mn. Inset: the SAED pattern. (d) Aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM image of Mn-NC-10 SAzymes. (e) XRD patterns of NC, Mn-NC-1, Mn-NC-5, and Mn-NC-10 SAzymes. (f) Mn 2p and (g) Mn 3s XPS spectra of Mn-NC-10 SAzymes. (h) XANES and (i) FT EXAFS spectra of Mn-NC-10 SAzymes and reference samples at the Mn K-edge. (j) FT EXAFS spectra fitting curves of Mn-NC-10 SAzymes at the Mn K-edge (inset: structure model).

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques:

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: SOD/CAT-like activity and DFT calculations of the Mn-NC SAzymes. The SOD-like activity (a), H 2 O 2 scavenging ratio (b), and dissolved O 2 production curves (c) of NC, Mn-NC-1, Mn-NC-5, and Mn-NC-10 SAzymes. (d) •OH scavenging abilities of Mn-NC-10 evaluated by the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. (e) Dissolved oxygen generation catalyzed by Mn-NC-10 at pH 6.6 under varying H 2 O 2 concentrations. (f) Michaelis-Menten kinetic curves of Mn-NC-10 derived from dissolved oxygen production by varying H 2 O 2 concentration. (g) Gibbs free-energy step diagram of the Mn-N 4 . (h) Gibbs free energy step diagram of N 4 C and Mn-N 4 -O in the CAT-like catalytic reaction. (i) Schematic of CAT-like catalytic reaction of N 4 C. (j) Schematic of CAT-like catalytic reaction of Mn-N 4 . (k) Differential charge profiles before and after introducing Mn-O to N 4 C. (l) Differential charge of H 2 O and O 2 before and after adsorption to N 4 C and Mn-N 4 -O (yellow represents gain of electrons, blue represents loss of electrons). TEM images (m), Mn ion releasing amount (n), changes of CAT-like activity (o), and changes of SOD-like activity (p) of Mn-NC-10 SAzymes incubated in PBS (pH = 7.0–7.6) for different time.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Spectroscopy, Derivative Assay, Concentration Assay, Adsorption, Incubation

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Mn-NC composite hydrogels protect chondrocytes from H 2 O 2 -induced damage by attenuating ROS. (a) Live/dead staining of rat chondrocytes after incubation with different hydrogels for 24 h, scale bar = 200 μm. (b) Cell viability of rat chondrocytes after incubation with different hydrogels for 1, 2, and 3 days. (c) Cell viability, (d) Intracellular ROS content, and (e) Bright-field and ROS staining of rat chondrocytes after incubation with different hydrogels under H 2 O 2 -contaning condition for 24 h, scale bar = 50 μm. Data represent means ± SD, n = 3. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference in comparison to the Control group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, and ###p < 0.001 suggests a significant difference in comparison to the Control + H 2 O 2 group.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: Staining, Incubation, Comparison, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Mn-NC composite hydrogels protect chondrocytes from IL-1β-induced damage and promote subchondral bone remodeling by stimulating osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell viability (a) and expressions of inflammatory factors TNF-α (b), IL-6 (c), and inflammation-related proteins (d) in chondrocytes after stimulation with IL-1β. The expressions of inflammatory factors including TNF-α (e), iNOS (f), IL-6 (g), IL-1β (h) and corresponding proteins (i) from rat macrophages (NR8383) co-cultured with Control, Control + H 2 O 2 , NAC + H 2 O 2 , CH + H 2 O 2 , CH@Mn2+H 2 O 2 groups. (j) ALP-positive area staining images from Control, CH, and CH@Mn2 groups at 7 days and corresponding quantitative ALP activity. Scale bar = 200 μm. (k) Expression of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins including ALP, BMP2, OPN from Control, CH, and CH@Mn2 groups at 7 days. Data represent means ± SD, n = 3. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference in comparison to the Control group, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 suggests a significant difference in comparison to the Control + IL-1β, Control + H 2 O 2 or CH group. ▽ p < 0.05, ▽▽ p < 0.01, and ▽▽▽ p < 0.001 suggests a significant difference in comparison to the NAC + IL-1β or NAC + H 2 O 2 group.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control, Staining, Activity Assay, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Mn-NC composite hydrogels inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation in rats after IL-1β stimulation. Nucleus, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton staining of chondrocytes (a) and flow cytometry analysis (b) after IL-1β stimulation, scale bar = 50 μm. Expressions of apoptosis-related genes and proteins including Bax and Bcl2 (c) and ECM degeneration related genes and proteins including Adamts5 and MMP13 (d) from Control, Control + IL-1β, NAC + IL-1β, CH + IL-1β, and CH@Mn2+IL-1β groups. Data represent means ± SD, n = 3. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference in comparison to the Control group. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 suggests a significant difference in comparison to the Control + IL-1β group. ▽ p < 0.05, ▽▽ p < 0.01, and ▽▽▽ p < 0.001 suggests a significant difference in comparison to the NAC + IL-1β group.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: Staining, Flow Cytometry, Control, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: The in vivo therapeutic effect of Mn-NC composite hydrogels on TMJ-OA after 2 weeks. (a) Schematic diagram of in vivo experiments of hydrogel treatment of TMJ-OA. HE staining (b), SO/FG staining (c), immunohistochemical staining of COLII (d) and MMP13 (e), immunofluorescence staining of CD86 (f) and CD206 (g) at the synovial, and immunofluorescence staining of IL-1β (h) in the TMJ of rats after 2 weeks of treatment, scale bar = 100 μm. (i) Histological OARSI score of articular cartilage after 2 weeks of treatment and quantitative data of immunohistochemical positive area and proportion of immunofluorescence positive cells in (c–h). Data represent means ± SD, n = 3. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference in comparison to the Sham group. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 suggests a significant difference in comparison to the MIA group.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: In Vivo, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunofluorescence, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: The in vivo therapeutic effect of Mn-NC composite hydrogels on TMJ-OA after 8 weeks. HE staining (a), SO/FG staining (b), immunohistochemical staining of COLII (c) and MMP13 (d), immunofluorescence staining of CD86 (e) and CD206 (f) at the synovial, and immunofluorescence staining of IL-1β (g) in the TMJ of rats after 8 weeks of treatment, scale bar = 100 μm. (h) Histological OARSI score of articular cartilage after 8 weeks of treatment and quantitative data of immunohistochemical positive area and proportion of immunofluorescence positive cells in (b–g). Data represent means ± SD, n = 3. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference in comparison to the Sham group. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 suggests a significant difference in comparison to the MIA group.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: In Vivo, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunofluorescence, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: The in vivo subchondral bone repair and regeneration effect of Mn-NC composite hydrogels on TMJ-OA after 2 and 8 weeks. (a, b) The temporomandibular joints of rats were collected at 2 and 8 weeks, three views of the condyles reconstructed by micro-CT scan (coronal, horizontal, and sagittal view), scale bar = 1 mm. Quantitative statistics of trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) (c), trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) (d), and ratios of bone volume (BV/TV) (e) from Sham, MIA, MIA + CH, MIA + CH@Mn2 at 2 and 8 weeks. (f) Trap staining images and quantification analysis after 2 weeks of hydrogels treatment. (g) Trap staining images and quantification analysis after 8 weeks of hydrogels treatment. (h) OPN staining images and quantification analysis after 8 weeks of hydrogels treatment. Data represent means ± SD, n = 3. ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 indicates a significant difference in comparison to the Sham group. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 suggests a significant difference in comparison to the MIA group.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: In Vivo, Micro-CT, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Nanozyme hydrogels remodel pathological microenvironment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis therapy via inhibiting MAPK signal pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: Underlying mechanism of Mn-NC SAzymes composite hydrogels in treating TMJ-OA. (a) The volcano plot showing the DEGs of IL-1β VS Control. (b) The volcano plot showing the DEGs of CH@Mn2 VS IL-1β. (c) Differential gene clustering thermogram of extracellular matrix organization (gray), regulation of inflammatory response (green) and cell adhesion molecule binding (purple) pathway. (d) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of CH@Mn2 VS IL-1β. (e) The KEGG enrichment result of the DEGs of IL-1β VS Control. (f) The KEGG enrichment result of the DEGs of CH@Mn2 VS IL-1β. (g) Differential gene clustering thermogram of the MAPK pathway. (h) Activation of MAPK pathway after IL-1β stimulation. n = 3.

Article Snippet: Additionally, the sections were stained with antibodies specific to anti-CD86, CD206, and IL-1β (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for immunofluorescence analysis.

Techniques: Control, Binding Assay, Activation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Microbiome-derived hydroxyphenyl propanoates enhance antitumour immunity by potentiating gasdermin D activity in tumour-associated myeloid cells

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.23.720410

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, IL-1β activity in the supernatant of THP1-WT vs. - GSDMD -KO cells treated with LPS±HPPs for 16 hours, measured using HEK-Blue™ IL-1β reporter cells (three combined experiments, error bars represent standard error, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni test); b, LDH release from THP1-WT vs. – GSDMD -KO cells treated with LPS±HPP for 16 hours (three combined experiments, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni test); c-d, IL-1β activity in the supernatant of THP1-WT vs. - GSDMD -KO cells © and human PBMCs (d) treated with LPS and NG±HPPs for 16 hours. measured using HEK-Blue™ IL-1β reporter cells (three combined experiments, error bars represent standard error, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni test); e-f, LDH release from THP1-WT vs. – GSDMD -KO cells € and human PBMCs (f) treated with LPS and NG±HPPs for 16 hours (three combined experiments, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni test).

Article Snippet: To neutralize IL-1 receptor signalling, the following antibodies were used: anti-human IL-1α (1 μg/mL; clone 7D4; mabg-hil1a-3; InvivoGen), anti-human IL-1β (1 μg/mL; clone 4H5; mabg-hil1b-3; InvivoGen) and IgG1 isotype control (1 μg/mL; clone T8E5; mabg1-ctrlm; InvivoGen).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Microbiome-derived hydroxyphenyl propanoates enhance antitumour immunity by potentiating gasdermin D activity in tumour-associated myeloid cells

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.23.720410

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-b, tumour growth kinetics and OS for orthotopic M3-9-M OVA tumours in male WT or Gsdmd -KO mice receiving vehicle or 3,2-HPP treatments from day 1 post cell-implantation (n =8/group; two combined experiments, two-way ANOVA test for growth kinetics, Log-Rank test for OS); c, [IL-1β] in interstitial fluid harvested from 18-day old M3-9-M OVA tumours grown in male WT or Gsdmd -KO mice receiving vehicle or 3,2-HPP treatment from day 1 post-cell implantation (two combined experiments, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test); d, GSDMD peptides quantified from a publicly available tumour proteomic database established from stage IV melanoma patients undergoing anti-PD-1 treatment (responder, R = 40 and non-responder, NR = 27); e-g, correlation uncleaved GSDMD peptide with NFKB1 gene targets and two sets of M1- vs. M2-like macrophage gene signatures, respectively, in stage IV melanoma patients undergoing anti-PD-1 treatment (R = 18 and NR = 6, chi-square test).

Article Snippet: To neutralize IL-1 receptor signalling, the following antibodies were used: anti-human IL-1α (1 μg/mL; clone 7D4; mabg-hil1a-3; InvivoGen), anti-human IL-1β (1 μg/mL; clone 4H5; mabg-hil1b-3; InvivoGen) and IgG1 isotype control (1 μg/mL; clone T8E5; mabg1-ctrlm; InvivoGen).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Macrophage and IL-6 signaling modulate multiple myeloma progression and response to metformin and CAR-T cell therapy

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1760136

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of IL-6 on cellular proliferation. (A) RNA and protein expression of IL-6 receptor in various cancer cells from the HPA database ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000160712-IL6R/cell+line , accessed on 29 Nov 2025). (B) Luciferase reporter assay for measuring RPMI 8226 cells activity with or without THP-1 cells, and IL-6 (5 ng/ml) for 48 hours. The seeding number of MM cells was 10,000. THP-1 cell numbers (THP-1 N.) were varied at 2000 (2K), 4000 (4K), 8000 (8K), and 10,000 (10K). (C) THP-1 cells were stimulated with IL-6 at concentrations of 0, 5, or 10 ng/ml for 24 hours. At the end of incubation, mRNA expression levels of iNOS and CD163 in THP-1 cells were quantified by qRT-PCR, and the ratio was determined by comparing the 2-ΔΔCt values of CD163 and iNOS. N = 9. ****p <0.0001.

Article Snippet: Anti-human IL-6 was purchased from Invivogen (Cat #mabg-hil6-3).

Techniques: Expressing, Luciferase, Reporter Assay, Activity Assay, Incubation, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Macrophage and IL-6 signaling modulate multiple myeloma progression and response to metformin and CAR-T cell therapy

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1760136

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of metformin on RPMI 8226 cells with macrophages. (A) Luciferase reporter assay of RPMI 8226 cells following PBS control (Ctrl), metformin (Met. 1mM) or IL-6 (5ng/ml) treatment for 72 hours. (B) QRT-PCR analysis of CD163 and iNOS expression in THP-1 cells under various treatment conditions for 72 hours. (C) Flow cytometry analysis of CD126 expression on RPMI 8226 cells following 72 hours of metformin treatment with or without macrophages. (D) Luciferase reporter assay of RPMI 8226 cells under various treatment conditions at 72 hours. N = 4-9. *p<0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001.

Article Snippet: Anti-human IL-6 was purchased from Invivogen (Cat #mabg-hil6-3).

Techniques: Luciferase, Reporter Assay, Control, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Flow Cytometry